Oil drilling

Drilling - the process of breaking up rocks with the help of special equipment - drilling equipment. There are three types of drilling:
vertical drilling
Directional drilling
horizontal drilling
Drilling wells - a process facility designed cylindrical excavation in the ground, the diameter "D" which is small compared with its length of the trunk "H", no access rights to the slaughter. Well at the beginning of the earth's surface is called the mouth, bottom - slaughter and the borehole wall form its trunk.
Cycle of well construction
Roller cone drill bit
construction of surface facilities;
deepening the well bore, the implementation of which is possible only if two parallel and types of work - actually deepen and rinse well;
formation isolation, consisting of two series of works: strengthening (attachment) borehole lowers pipe connected to the column, and plugging (cementing) annulus;
exploration wells. Often the development of wells in combination with some other types of work (baring and fixing bottom zone, perforation, challenge and stimulation of inflow (outflow) of fluid) call completion.

1. Preparatory work for construction. Receive documents for allotment of forest land to logging, and agreed with the FME, the skip plot coordinates on the spot; deforestation; planning area, the construction of a village, preparing the grounds for the drilling, preparation and layout of the site, the construction of foundations for tanks for fuel storage, devices obvolovki fuel storage, delivery of equipment and transportation.

2. Derrick work. Installation of equipment, installation of lines, installation derrick substructure, bases and units, installation and lift towers, commissioning.

3. Preparatory work for the drilling. After installation, drilling rig and construction privyshechnyh facilities, drilling accepted Special Commission. Driller with the committee checks the quality of work is testing equipment and examines the state of health and safety. Electric lighting should be in explosive lighting, by drilling should be emergency lighting 12 v; all deficiencies and observations Commission must be removed before collaring. Before the work is completed rig drilling tools, bits, casing pipes under guard and drill pipe, rigging devices, instrumentation, pits under the square, supply of water, chemicals and so on drilling should be: residential houses, cultural booth, dining room, drying room, a room for the analysis of solutions, fire fighting equipment in place, a set of hand tools and accessories, set of posters on safety, first aid kit, supply of petroleum products in containers clearly labeled with the type of fuel, a warehouse for drilling tools, storage for chemicals, a barn for the collection of waste liquids, a water source. After the adoption of the installation of installers is retrofitting block system, installation of equipment and facilities oprobirovanie Rigging (CMD protivozataskivatel etc.). Collaring made with the installation of mast direction set perfectly centered with the axis of the tower. Tower is centered, then under the direction of drill - falls pipe and cement, the top direction connecting with the groove. After sending the check again centration towers and rotor. Center wells drilled under the hole for the square and cased pipe. Drilling is turbodrills pit, holding it from the jet rotation hemp rope three to four obvivki. One end is attached to the foot of the tower, the other is kept in the hands of a pulley or foot tower. At the end of the preparatory work for at least 2 days prior to start drilling, conducted launcher conference with the administration of the expedition (Chief Engineer, Chief Technologist, Chairman of the Union, Chief Geologist and Chief PTI), which details are introduced to construct wells, geological section, the properties of rocks, expected complications, mode of drilling. Considered normative map, discussed measures for trouble-free, high-speed wiring. Drilling can be initiated if the following documents: geological and technical outfit (GTN), an act of commissioning the rig, regulatory card must be rotational log, Mud, log on labor protection, a register of the diesels. Rig should be: cementing equipment korotazhnoe equipment, posters on occupational safety and fire safety, heliport, drinking and industrial water, chemicals and materials for drilling fluids and cement, emergency tool, drill and casing pipe.

4. Well drilling (excavation and fixing). In the process of drilling a well bore out breed, resulting in a well bore, which must be secured by means of casing and cementing.

5. Test wells in the flow of oil and gas. Perforation of the walls of the column is made to access the productive horizon in order to obtain flow of oil and gas.

6. Dismantling of drilling equipment and privyshechnyh structures.

7. Reclamation allocated area. Performed on the well seal installation with a sign on the date and the name of the well drilling company carrying out the work. All burrow pits, burned garbage collected scrap metal for recycling. Drilling site is in compliance with the norms of environmental services.
Classification of wells intended
Wells for oil and gas, you can organize the following:
structural search, the purpose of which - setting (clarification tectonics, stratigraphy, lithology, estimate productivity levels) without additional construction of wells;
exploration, serving to identify productive facilities, and to delineate the already developed oil and gas-bearing strata;
mining (exploitation), designed to produce oil and gas from the earth's interior. This category includes the discharge, evaluation, observation and appraisal wells;
injection, intended for injection of water, gas or steam to maintain reservoir pressure and bottomhole treatment. These measures are aimed at lengthening the period of oil flowing mode or efficiency of production;
outstripping mining serving for oil and gas with simultaneous revision of the structure of the reservoir;
evaluation, the purpose of which - determination neftevodonasyschennosti initial and residual oil saturation of the reservoir (and conducting other research);
control and supervision, for monitoring the development of the object of investigation of the nature of reservoir fluids move and change gazoneftenasyschennosti formation;
reference wells are drilled for the study of the geological structure of large regions to establish common patterns of occurrence of rocks and identify opportunities for education in these rocks for oil and gas.
Drill stem 
The drill string is the flat in the well assembly of drill pipes joined together drill locks, designed to supply the hydraulic and mechanical power to the bit, to create an axial load on the bit, and to control the trajectory of wells being drilled.

As with the chisel and downhole motor drilling tools, drill string has the following functions:
transmits the rotation of the rotor to the bit;
perceives from downhole motors reactive moments;
submits to the face flushing agent;
hydraulic power leads to the bit and submersible hydraulic motor;
dents chisel to rock at the bottom, working its force of gravity (the axial load on the bit creates a piece of drill pipe (UBT), included in the layout of the bottom hole assembly (BHA), part of drill pipe (UBT) is used to tension the drill string ( namely tension drill pipe as a plumb) to create a perpendicular entire drill string relative to the ground). (Usually up to 75% by weight of the BHA to create an axial load on the bit, and 25% for the drill string tension is only valid in some CIS countries, many customers and drilling contractors disregard this rule placing priority on the driving of);
provides replacement bits and submersible motor by transporting them to the bottom or at the surface;
allows emergency and other special works in the borehole.